Law on Terror - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1589 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? Brief : 191325 Delivery Date : 7/12/2006 Title: Counter Terrorism and Civil Liberties Brief Description a) Anti terror legislative tools (in Britain) and their compatibility with the national and international Human Rights regimes b) Rights and duties of the government in relation to protecting citizens as well as the fundamental human rights c) Is it really justifiable to compromise on the core democratic values while preventing potential terror threats? STANDARD DISSERTATION OUTLINE REQUESTED. DISSERTATION OUTLINE 1. Proposed Dissertation Title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Human Rights and the Law on Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or simply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Law on Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Law on Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  chimes neatly and appositely in this context with popular phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The War on Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) 2. Outline Research Objectives and Methodology The interface between counter-terror laws and the nation and international human rights matrices is of great contemporary importance and the subject of a huge amount of recent comment and analysis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law on Terror" essay for you Create order As a consequence it is argued that that the internet should be utilised as the predominant information resource for this dissertation. The sheer scope and detail of information readily available on the internet relating to the law on terrorism is unrivalled by any traditional library. That said it is prudent to treat internet sources with a healthy caution, in particular in the technical field of the relationship between human rights and criminal law. Internet sources are of variable reliability material should be evaluated for credibility before used. It is a good policy to seek out secondary corroborative sources and follow up cited footnotes. Research in this field will also be facilitated by the use of a law library. The newspaper and periodical sections will offer contemporary analysis and other electronic data gateways and engines such as Westlaw UK, Lexis-Nexis[1] and Lawtel[2] will provide other pathways to information gathering. For example a AOL Google-powered search of the internet using the phrase à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“law on terrorism and human rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  returned 42,900 hits on United Kingdom websites and 1.06 million hits worldwide. Only a fraction of these will ultimately prove useful but such a search is a good starting point to identify research resources and options. The top rated UK hits include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Terrorism v human rights: Where do you draw the line?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : https://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27969-2091830,00.html; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : https://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/issues/2-terrorism/index.shtml; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Terrorism Human Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/publications_media/speeches/2006/sp191006.htm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“QA: Terrorism lawsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ : https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4715478.stm These hits were all drawn from the first page of hits and offer a useful example of the breadth of material available, with the first hit hosted by the Times newspaper, the second by the Liberty, the civil liberties pressure group, the third being a speech by the Lord Chief Justice Lord Phillips, and the fourth provided by the BBC. Care must be taken to ensure that all resources utilised must advance at least one of the three identified research priorities of this work, namely: a) Anti terror legislative tools (in Britain) and their compatibility with the national and international Human Rights regimes b) Rights and duties of the government in relation to protecting citizens as well as the fundamental human rights c) Is it really justifiable to compromise on the core democratic values while preventing potential terror threats? 3. Contents (Draft) 1.Title Page 2. Contents Page 3. Summary and acknowledgements (250-450 words)[3] 4. Introduction, including political context and socio-legal definitions of key concepts: eg human rights[4] and terrorism[5]. (500-750 words) 5. Descriptive discussion of UK anti-terror framework. This will include, inter alia, comment on: the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005[6]; the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001[7]; the Terrorism Act 2000. (800-1200 words) 6. Critical analysis of the UK law on terror and points of conflict and tension with human rights law, national and international.[8] This will include in particular, comment on the key issues raised by the Human Rights Act 1998[9] and European Convention of Human Rights (1950)[10]. This will also include consideration of recent case law directly on point such as SSHD v JJ Ors[11] regarding control orders and the right a fair trial under Article 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 and Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights which prohibits indefinite detention without trial.[12] Another important case is A (FC) and others (FC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004)[13], where it was held that indefinite detention of foreign terror suspects is in compatible with the 1998 Human Rights Act and in contravention of the European Convention on Human Rights. See also: Chahal v United Kingdom (1996)[14] which saw an individual successfully claim a breach of his human rights under Articles 3 and 5 of the European Convention. (2000 words) 7.Socio-legal analysis of the delicate balance to be struck between the protection of society and the individual from acts of terrorism and the preservation of human rights. Precis: carrying the fundamental message that terrorism is a serious threat to the state and society, but to mitigate human rights would be to give terror groups a palpable victory. The ultimate challenge for human rights law is that it must be applied blindly and with an even hand whether the subject is a potential victim or an actual protagonist of an offence of terrorism. This task is all the more difficult in the aftermath of a terror attack, but it is all the more important in that context. Respect for human rights must b e viewed as an indispensable component of the United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s democratic society, not as a concession to do-gooders or a disposable luxury in times of emergency, strife or pressure. (2000 words) 8.Analysis of the subjugation of democracy in the face of terror. (2000 words) Precis: It would certainly be easier, at least from the perspective of the state, to police the threat posed by terrorism in such a way as to exclude the concept of human rights entirely, by imposing civil restrictions, and unlimited powers of investigation, detention and punishment. That said, it is submitted that just because such a policy would be advantageous from the point of view of law enforcement, it most definitely is not necessarily the most appropriate tack to take for the good of society. To respond by introducing the totalitarian policy of a police state would be to strike at the very heart of the democracy that terrorism itself is designed to attack. In the aftermath of terror ou trages such as 9/11 or 7/7 there is a strong temptation to impose draconian laws. However, mistakes will occur. Grave injustices committed by the state will follow atrocities committed by terror groups and the moral authority of society will be forfeit. 9.Personal Commentary (1000 words) 10. Conclusions (500 words) 11. Endnotes (if used) 12. Bibliography 4. Key References A great many references are available. A list of core references is provided below: Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/20050002.htm Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2001/20010024.htm Human Rights Act 1998: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm European Convention of Human Rights (1950): https://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm Human Rights Watch World Reports, see eg: https://www.hrw.org/wr2k3/us.html. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), United Nations Gen eral Assembly: https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html 5. Supervisor or Proposed Supervisor Details To be supplied by client. THE END WORD COUNT : 1251 (excluding footnotes) BIBLIOGRAPHY Carlos Nino, The Ethics of Human Rights, (1993), Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.10. European Convention of Human Rights (1950): https://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/20050002.htm Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2001/20010024.htm Terrorism Act 2000: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2000/00011b.htm Human Rights Act 1998: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm Human Rights Watch World Reports, see eg: https://www.hrw.org/wr2k3/us.html. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), United Nations General Assembly: https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html Lexis-Nexis Lawtel Westlaw UK Cases as footnoted, dr awn from original law reports. 1 Footnotes [1] Lexis-Nexis, is a well-established full-text legal database based in the United States, but it has carried extensive British and Commonwealth data since 1980 and therefore it can usefully be exploited in this study in providing the law on terrorism and legal context on human rights issues. The Nexis section carries a vast body of non-legal data including news wires, newspapers and periodicals in a broad range of subjects and this would be useful in deriving analysis on the law on terrorism and civil liberties issues from an eclectic variety of sources. [2] See for links and comment: https://ials.sas.ac.uk/library/eservice/westlaw.htm [3] Guidelines only, based on a standard dissertation length of 10,000 words. [4] See eg: Human rights may be conceptualised as a matrix of inalienable universal rights possessed by all human beings by simple virtue of their humanity. Such rights are enjoyed regardless of a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s defining characteristics, such as ethnic ity, gender or nationality, and are founded on base principles of justice within society (researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own definition). For further comment see: See inter alia: Carlos Nino, The Ethics of Human Rights, (1993), Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.10. [5] Legal definition provided by the Terrorism Act 2000: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2000/00011b.htm [6] https://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/20050002.htm. [7] https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2001/20010024.htm. [8] Could be split into two separate chapters national/international. [9] https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm. [10] https://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm. [11] [2006] EWCA Civ 1141. [12] Travis, Alan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reids curfew orders on six terror suspects are illegal, say judges,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Guardian, August 2 2006. [13] [2004] UKHL 56. [14] 22414/93 [1996] ECHR 54 (15 November 1996).

The Effects Of Capital Punishment On Society - 1516 Words

Capital Punishment Tyra L. Ferguson SYP4514: Patterns of Violence in Society University of Central Florida Introduction Capital punishment was first noted in America in the early 1600’s (â€Å"Part I: History of†, 2014). Much like most of the laws in America, capital punishment was brought here and influenced by European settlers (â€Å"Part I: History of†, 2014). Many crimes that were punishable by death in its infancy in America ranged from stealing fruit to murder. Capital punishment met its turning point from a simple punishment of all crimes to only extremely violent crimes in the mid nineteenth century (â€Å"Part I: History of†, 2014). Capital punishment has had a turbulent history, filled with multiple question as to what crimes should be punishable by death. Many articles have been written on how certain crimes can be deemed punishable by death. It is questionable whether punishing someone through death is a deviant behavior in itself. The negative aspects of capital punishment has also been discussed. Punishable by Death It is questionable whether the types of crimes being committed by many people should be punished by death. Stephen B. Bright stated it best when he said â€Å"It is not the facts of the crime, but the quality of legal representation† (Bright, 1994). In the journal written by Mr. Bright he explains why many capital punishment cases ends up with a decision of death, it is due to a lack of legal representation. â€Å"Poor people accused of capitalShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society1425 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment has been a topic of debate since it was reinstated in 1976. Some say that in a free society, capital punishment is an unnecessary form of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of our constitution. Others claim that capital punishment serves the primary purpose of deterring crime and punishing society’s most homicidal offenders. The biggest question when it comes to capital punishment is, is it worth i t? Does Capital punishment have a deterrent effect on society? Or does itRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society2096 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout history, capital punishment has been practiced in many areas in regards to major crimes. Capital punishment is the execution of a convicted criminal as a punishment for the committed crimes, with methods of execution that include electrocutions, gas chambers, lethal injections, etc. Capital punishment has more recently been taken into moral standards, resulting in more than half of the United Nations’ members abolishing its use. (http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/) However, the death penaltyRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effects On Society1794 Words   |  8 Pagesconsequences which forms the basis of the term of ‘punishment’.28 Human societies have been heavily characterized for having the view that wrongdoers should suffer a more or less immediate punishment for their bad deeds, therefore the mor e serious the offense, the more extreme the punishment.28 Capital Punishment is the process through which a person is put to death that is legally authorized by the state in retribution for a crime.28 The use of capital punishment is only permitted to a state; therefore non-stateRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effects On Society1963 Words   |  8 PagesCapital punishment has become an increasing controversial topic recently. I believe that capital punishment is unethical and it does not benefit society as a whole, causing more harm than good by forcefully killing another. It is also hypocritical because it condemns killing by killing. We murder people who murder people to show that murder is wrong. We as a society should not have the right to take someone’s life, without their consent, no matter what they have done. Instead of sentencing theseRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society2373 Words   |  10 PagesCapital punishment is something almost everyone knows about, it is something that people see on television, the news, and for some people it is the new chapter to the end of their lives. The death penalty has been around for centuries hoping to deter people from a life of crime, although it is favored by many the support for this age old practice is slowly declining. Capital punishment has been the topic for many debates nationwide with everyone having their own views and opinions. Many states haveRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment Does capital punishment have a role in civilized society? No I don t think it does for two reasons for firstly because if you regard the taking of a human life by somebody the crime of murder is so serious as it is the idea that you can kill somebody yourself I think that is just completely wrong. Due to that we will strive to make the criminal justice system as accurate as possible to make sure that the person who is convicted pulse is really the guilty person on time sometimesRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society Today879 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 Introduction My report is about capital punishment and how it has an effect on our society today and why I am for capital punishment. 1.1 What is capital punishment? Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process where a criminal has committed a serious crime like rape or murder and is then decided if he or she should be put to death. Capital punishment has in the past, been practised by most societies, as a punishment for criminals, and political or religious dissidents. HistoricallyRead MoreCapital Punishment And Life Effects On Society And The Justice System1528 Words   |  7 Pagesunfortunately a phenomenon society is forced to face with, and the punishment of these offenders can cause great debate among society and the justice system. The criminal justice field is heavily influenced by these rare offenders because there is no concrete course of action that is taken in these cases. The most frequent consequences used for these offenders includes the offender being given a capital punishment charge, or given a life imprisonment charge. Both capital punishment and life imprisonmentRead MoreCapital Punishment1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty has been around for many centuries and will probably be around for many to come. Although some citizens feel capital punishment is ethically wrong, it is necessa ry in today s society for various reasons. Society must be kept safe from the barbaric acts of murders and rapist, by taking away their lives to function and perform in our society. Most criminals don t take into account the results of their actions. If a person intending to commit a crime, sees another criminal put toRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The Criminal Justice System1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, capital punishment has always been the spotlight of many debates concerning the consequences of severe crimes. Although capital punishment is deemed to be acceptable for violent crimes such as murder, there are numerous individuals who oppose the usage of capital punishment against violent offenders. Both proponents and opponents have given countless opinions concerning the deterrence effect of capital punishment. Research studies have also added fuel to the debate in regards

Economical Cooperate Social Responsibility †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economical Cooperate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction In the recent past corporate social responsibility (CSR) have grown into a highly valued and significant part of businesses. Over the past few years, firms have been seen to invest their resources in the provision of goods and services to the public thereby cutting on the negative externalities that impact on business to levels that have not been seen before in corporations (Rahim, 2013). The participation of the company in corporate responsibility has been found to sway the consumer's purchase decisions with customers found to prefer goods and services from businesses that engage in corporate social responsibility than those that dont. According to a survey, a majority of the stakeholders in organizations firmly believe CSR is an essential component of for large businesses to achieve the vision of the company (Jagd 2014). The Economic responsibility of a firm refers to the organization efforts to make sure that the firm is profitable and this way create long-term value for the compa nys stakeholders and contribute to the universal and viable economy (Shimschack, 2012). By investing in Economic CSR, Apple Inc. has dramatically grown its profitability over the last few years. In the company's fiscal year ending in 2017, Apple Inc. revenue increased from $50.6 billion to $52.9 billion in 2017 compared to that of 2016 second quarter. The continuous ability to remain profitable has seen the company grow both it its products and its market share. Apple Inc. was reported to have grabbed 103.6% of the smartphone industry operating profits in 2016. The growth in earnings has seen the companys dividend to its shareholders increase from 0.76 in 2012 to 2.03 in 2016. Further, Apples economic responsibility success saw the companys stock grow from $ 80.33 in 2012 to $154. 32 in 2017 (NASDAQ, 2017) hence offering the companys investors a high return and promising better future returns. Corporate social responsibility has an economic phenomenon that weighs significantly on Apple Inc. The economic responsibility is important in that it has secured the current and long-term future of the company hence achieving its primary objective. By being able to make a positive return on its investment the investors confidence is elevated as it is an indication of the companys ability to effectively manage the investments in its assets while using the assets to maximize the shareholder's wealth. With the company acting in an economically responsible manner, the performance of the business regarding stock management, capital goods investment, and the pricing strategies of the enterprise can be adequately evaluated to help the company strategize for the future. Economic responsibility is a measure of a company success in the industry which it operates in. On May 2017, Apple Inc. announced a $ 17.8 billion profits in its first quarter of with a diluted EPS (earning per share) of $ 3.36. (Apple, 2017). The popularity of the companys iPhone has seen the companys sales increase translating into profits. Apple has commanded large markets share after Samsung with the introduction of iOS with iPhone 7. The iPhone 7 brand has been ranked as the top-selling brand being sought after in the United States, France, Germany, and United Kingdom. Apple Inc. and Samsung controls 70% of the United States market with the iPhone models accounting for most of the Apples sales.In addition to securing the company future, being economically responsible supports the company bid in sourcing finances both internally and externally. Debt financing can benefit a company with cash flow challenges to expand into new territories. A corporation like Apple Inc. which is mak ing enormous profits can alternatively finance itself comfortably by its profits instead of using debt. For example, following the slow sales of iPhone in 2016, Tim Cook the CEO of Apple and his executive team agreed to shed some of the Share they hold to stabilize the company during that period. With consistent growth in profits and demand for its innovative products, Apple has continued with its expansion plans and is currently underway to open up Beijing and Shenzhen research and development centres as the China is a lucrative market for Apple products. As a result of an increase in domestic demand, Apple has sought expansion plans of Foxconn Technology group though the amount of investment is not yet determinable to improve manufacture of Apples iPhone. Having sound financial base influences the lending institutions to lend as the company demonstrates its capacity to finance loan. Having strong capital base ensures that Apple's investments and reserves guarantee the lenders of a bility for the business to service the loan giving the company a sound credit history and rating which is critical for future external borrowing needs. Uncertainty often surrounds the nature of corporate social responsibility, and this makes its hard to describe CSR and to be sure of the activities surrounding it. The above being the case, it is Imperative to ensure precise identification of the activities that are involved with carrying out CSR (Katamba, 2012). The main principles governing CSR are; Sustainability, Liability, and clarity. Sustainability is concerned with the influence of present action taken by the organization over the choices at hand in the future. The utilization of company's resources may shape the future of a company as when resources are utilized in the present; then it means those resources will not be accessible for future use hence raising the need to carry out an in-depth evaluation particularly if the resources are limited in quantity. The sustainability principle echoes the need for the organization just to use enough resources that can be regenerated to avoid depletion which would cause the acquisition cost of the remaining resources to increase and thereby increasing the overall operational expenses of the corporation. By viewing the organization as part of a vast economic system ensures a company takes account of its activities not only for cost estimation and value creation purposes in the present but also for the future survival of the business. Sustainability can be measured by the percentage of resource utilization by the firm against resource regeneration (Blowfield, 2013). Business activities that are unsustainable in the long run can be accommodated by either strategizing on the future lack of the resources or by creating sustainable operations. Liability in CSR looks into how the organization identifies the possible effect of its activities on the external environment and thereby taking the necessary action for the effect of its operations. Corporations should quantify the consequences of their actions on both external and internal parties affected. Companies have a responsibility to the wider society apart from the shareholders, and therefore should make reports to external stakeholders on the effect of the Company actions and how the actions affect them (Bustin, 2014). Reliability ensures that a company puts in place proper measures of the surrounding performance and the reporting of company activities. Further, it necessities that in recording and reporting company's performance the value realized should be greater than the cost incurred. In reporting a company should ensure that the report can be comprehended by all parties involved and that information contained in the report is relevant at all times. Further, the comp any should make sure that the reports are reliable to its users by providing accurate measurements, representation and free from prejudice. Also by making sure that the report is consistent with trends in the market, the report would achieve comparability characteristics. However given that the report makes use of both qualitative and qualitative data, the qualitative part of it is subject to numerous data hence need to have a broad cross-section to minimize inconsistencies. The clarity principle of CSR implies that external implications of a company's actions can be determined from the company's reporting and relevant issues cannot be covered up when reporting (Oxelheim, 2006). The company report should provide all information regarding the external effects of the company's actions. The outside users of the information should be informed fully on reading the report by ensuring inclusivity as they dont have the internal knowledge of business operations that is accessible to internal users of the content of the report. Like culpability and sustainability, clarity seeks to recognize a company's responsibility as a result of its activities and at the same time giving the external stakeholders the power to participate in the company's operations. Apple Inc. cannot be termed as the largest Smartphone seller in the global market, but sure enough, it's one of the most profitable in the industry. A recent survey carried on the smartphones industry has revealed that Apple commanded 103.6% of profits realized from the sale of smartphones industry in the third quarter of 2016. By investing in computers as well smartphones that are consistently meeting the needs of the market the Apple Inc. has managed to remain competitive against its competitors and thereby racking more profits. The visionary leadership of Tim Cook has seen the creation and expansion of high-quality client focused electronic gadgets that are on a regular basis upgraded to match the changing needs of the consumers. The use of disruptive innovation stirs the market as it has the effect of giving a hit product one after the other (Kelly, 2017). By doing away with the iPod and concentrating with iPhone, Apple has seen its revenue grow drastically. By constantly innovat ing, Apple has been a trendsetter in the industry and thereby other smartphone companies most of the time make use of already existing ideas rather than trying to reinvent the smartphone industry as Apple is constantly doing. By ensuring that they integrate every aspect of the model in manufacturing Apple has created a brand as Apple owns its software .i.e. phone, unlike all other companies that make use of Android operating systems hence making Apple a unique brand. Apple can be termed as economically sustainable as it makes the company products are on a continuous basis innovating hence ability regenerate the source of new ideas every time. The company ability to set the pace in the smartphone industry is a clear indication that Apple is making use of its innovation in an equal measure to developing new brands thereby staying ahead in the technological industry which is constantly varying. In conclusion, corporate social responsibility a vast subject which a company should encompass in its strategy to ensure it aligns with the business goal. By Being economically responsible, Apple in will be able to safeguard its future in by ensuring they have a competitive edge against major competitors like Microsoft, HTC, Samsung, etc. Economical responsibility should observe the principle of corporate social responsibility by making sure that the Company its held responsible for its actions and how the company actions affect its shareholders. References Apple. (2017, May 21). Apple- Investors Relations. Retrieved from Aple Inc. Website: https://investor.apple.com/dividends.cfm Blowfield, M. (2013). Business and Sustainability. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Bustin, G. (2014). Accountability: The Key to Driving a High-Performance Culture. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. Jagd, J. T. (2014). Investor Oriented Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting. New York: Routledge. Katamba, D. (2012). Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Houston: Strategic Book Publishing. Kelly, G. (2017, May 22). Forbes. Retrieved from Forbes Website: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2017/05/21/apple-leak-iphone-8-price-increase/#3108eeb31b31 NASDAQ. (2017, May 22). NASDAQ. Retrieved from NASDAQ Website: https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/aapl/historical Oxelheim, L. (2006). Corporate and Institutional Transparency for Economic Growth. Amsterdam: Emerald Group Publishing. Rahim, M. M. (2013). Legal Regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility. Brisbane: Springer Science Business Media. Shimschack, M. K. (2012). Economic Perspective on Corporate Social Responibility. Journal Of Economic Literature, 51-84.

Ethical Scenario

Question: Describe about recent ethical dilemma or ethically questionable situation relating to ICT that you are familiar with. This situation can be either in the media (for example one you have sourced from a newspaper, or online through social media) or through your workplace? Answer: In an article posted in the ProPublic on 9 February 2015, it was seen that one of the largest banks of USA has discriminated against the blacks of Latin America and the Asians. The fault that the bank made was that bank had qualified less qualified people for the loan using hidden racial criteria to give loan in one of the loan programmes. Cases have been filed in the Manhattan court the suit also accused the bank of directing homebuyers to particular neighborhoods on the basis of their ethnicity or race. It was said that the bank has broken the Fair Housing Act, a law passed in 1968. This law was passed to prevent the segregation of the countrys cities. Fair Housing Justice Center filed the suit, it is a non-profit organization based in New York City which is funded by the Housing and Urban Development of U.S. so as to put into effect the federal law which bans discrimination of houses (Business-ethics.com, 2015). It was enquired by the Fair Housing Justice Center, who sent trained actors to find out whether the non-white and white homebuyers was treated differently, when they were trying to qualify for a mortgage. They all said that they were married and that they had no children and they were applying for the first time in home loan. Even the black Latinos and the Asians were asked to show high qualification, and incomes. It was seen that a black was denied the loan by saying that she does not have enough savings, while a white people (actor) who had less income and savings and credit, was approved for the loan. It can be clearly seen that the bank was doing discrimination against the black and the whites in USA when it was banned in the year 1968. The black people were clearly suffering ad were losing out on their white counterparts even though they had higher qualifications and salary. It can be said that the honesty, right, duty and fairness plays an important role in the ethical decisions of a company. It can be said the companies should not breach the interest of the publics while they are practicing their profession. The trust of the stake holders should not be put under threat (Josephsoninstitute.org, 2015). It needs to be kept in mind that the public interest should not be breached as well as the trust of the stakeholders. Integrity and Honesty are essential for the people to make professional decision. Though there may be certain circumstances where, it will be beneficial for a person to be deceiving in some way or the other. But the persons should keep in mind that the he or she should not do any such thing that will enhance the reputation of the person at the cost of the reputation of the others. The people in general should have certain rights in order to survive in the place. America does have a strong record of human rights. Though some people are denied the basic rights based on their color, sex or race. The people should be equally treated in the public and all the information concerning them are to be shared, since the people have the right to information (Igi-global.com, 2015). If any people demands any sort of information which concerns them, then they have the right to get that information and anyone who keeps the information secret is to be dealt with seriously. People of Australia have thought of ethical issues for a long time, but the concept of ICT is a new phenomenon. It needs to be kept in mind that the ethical situation arises in the context of the relation with the people (Australia.gov.au, 2015). In the fast changing technological environment, the ethical issues are increasing. The ethical issues are raised and demand that the situation is to be resolved. The rise in the use of the ICT has enabled that the people get all the information and thus has resulted in affecting the society greatly. The vital issues that ICT raised was the invasion of corporate and individual privacy, societal and individual rights, intellectual property rights, values, accountability and preservation for the consequences that have arisen from the use of ICT. The ACS codes of ethics is based on the factors five factors The Primacy of the Public Interest The Enhancement of Quality of Life Honesty Competence Professional Development Professionalism It should be seen that the ACS deals with the following rules and code of ethics (ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society, 2015). In the above example, it was seen the people who were black were denied the loan and were given the reason that they had insufficient savings which was misleading information and the secrecy of information was done when the people demanded an analysis. The ACS one-page Code of Professional Conduct that has six ethical values, it encourage the corporate members, individual members, and other businesses as well as the ICT departments, to show prominent display. In the context of the American example it was seen that the company broke the law by discriminating among the people. By doing this they tried to give benefits to the white people and harmed the rights of the white people (Press.anu.edu.au, 2015). It can be said that the actions decreased the happiness of the people in the country. If the laws are set right and the codes of ethics are maintained then the people will be benefitted. And will increase their happiness. The people at large will see that the country is protecting their rights and they will feel that secure and can rely on the laws. There is as such no right or wrong practice. People who do wrong are in their mind and heart believes that they are right in their actions. People do not intend to harm other willingly, it is often a situation or practice that guides the mind of the people to do wrong things or practice wrong doings. References ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.acs.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/4901/Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf Australia.gov.au,. (2015).Rights | australia.gov.au. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://www.australia.gov.au/topics/law-and-justice/rights Business-ethics.com,. (2015).Housing Enforcement Group Sues MT Bank for Discrimination | Business Ethics. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://business-ethics.com/2015/02/09/1645-housing-enforcement-group-sues-mt-bank-for-discrimination/ Igi-global.com,. (2015).Ethics and Social Issues Related to Information Communication Technology (ICT): Computer Science and Information Technology Book Chapter | IGI Global. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/ethics-social-issues-related-information/43777 Josephsoninstitute.org,. (2015).Josephson Institute of Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions: The Six Pillars of Character. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://josephsoninstitute.org/MED/MED-2sixpillars.html Press.anu.edu.au,. (2015).'15. Ethical issues of emerging ICT applications a Euro-landscape' in Professionalism in the Information and Communication Technology Industry by Edited by John Weckert and Richard Lucas | ANU Press. Retrieved 17 March 2015, from https://press.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Professionalism+in+the+Information+and+Communication+Technology+Industry/10791/ch15.xhtml